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Mashup Score: 1Predictors of Substance Use Initiation by Early Adolescence - 7 hour(s) ago
Objective: Substance use initiation during early adolescence is associated with later development of substance use and mental health disorders. This study used various domains to predict substance use initiation, defined as trying any nonprescribed substance (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis), by age 12, using a large longitudinal data set. Methods: Substance-naive youths from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ages 9–10; N=6,829) were followed for 3 years. A total of 420 variables were examined as predictors of substance use initiation, using a penalized logistic regression with elastic net; domains spanned demographic characteristics, self and peer involvement with substance use, parenting behaviors, mental and physical health, culture and environment, hormones, neurocognitive functioning, and structural neuroimaging. Results: By age 12, 982 (14.4%) children reported substance initiation, with alcohol being the most common. Models with only self-report predictors had s
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 5Neural Correlates of Stress and Alcohol Cue-Induced Alcohol Craving and of Future Heavy Drinking: Evidence of Sex Differences - 1 day(s) ago
Objective: Stress and alcohol cue reactivity are associated with poor treatment outcomes in alcohol use disorder (AUD), but sex-specific neural correlates of stress and alcohol cue–induced craving compared with neutral cue–induced craving and of heavy drinking outcomes in AUD have not been examined. Thus, this study prospectively examined these associations and assessed sex differences. Methods: Treatment-seeking adults with AUD (N=77; 46 men and 31 women) completed a functional MRI task involving stress, alcohol, and neutral cue exposure with repeated assessments of alcohol craving. Most of these participants (N=72; 43 men and 29 women) then participated in an 8-week standardized behavioral AUD treatment program, during which the percentage of heavy drinking days was assessed. Results: Significant increases in both stress and alcohol cue–induced craving relative to neutral cue–induced craving were observed, with a greater alcohol-neutral contrast in craving relative to the stress-neut
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, NeurologyTweet
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Mashup Score: 0
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This al l-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 7
Tweet: The authors discuss harm reduction strategies and associated outcome metrics in relation to the ongoing opioid crisis.
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 5Neural Correlates of Stress and Alcohol Cue-Induced Alcohol Craving and of Future Heavy Drinking: Evidence of Sex Differences - 3 day(s) ago
Objective: Stress and alcohol cue reactivity are associated with poor treatment outcomes in alcohol use disorder (AUD), but sex-specific neural correlates of stress and alcohol cue–induced craving compared with neutral cue–induced craving and of heavy drinking outcomes in AUD have not been examined. Thus, this study prospectively examined these associations and assessed sex differences. Methods: Treatment-seeking adults with AUD (N=77; 46 men and 31 women) completed a functional MRI task involving stress, alcohol, and neutral cue exposure with repeated assessments of alcohol craving. Most of these participants (N=72; 43 men and 29 women) then participated in an 8-week standardized behavioral AUD treatment program, during which the percentage of heavy drinking days was assessed. Results: Significant increases in both stress and alcohol cue–induced craving relative to neutral cue–induced craving were observed, with a greater alcohol-neutral contrast in craving relative to the stress-neut
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, NeurologyTweet
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Mashup Score: 0
Objective: Preclinical work suggests that excess glucocorticoids and reduced cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may affect sex-dependent differences in brain regions implicated in stress regulation and depressive phenotypes. The authors sought to address a critical gap in knowledge, namely, how stress circuitry is functionally affected by glucocorticoids and GABA in current or remitted major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Multimodal imaging data were collected from 130 young adults (ages 18–25), of whom 44 had current MDD, 42 had remitted MDD, and 44 were healthy comparison subjects. GABA+ (γ-aminobutyric acid and macromolecules) was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and task-related functional MRI data were collected under acute stress and analyzed using data-driven network modeling. Results: Across modalities, trait-related abnormalities emerged. Relative to healthy comparison subjects, both clinical groups were characterized by lower rostral anterior cingulate co
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 0
Objective: To investigate shared and specific neural correlates of cognitive functions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the authors performed a comprehensive meta-analysis and considered a balanced set of neuropsychological tasks across the two disorders. Methods: A broad set of electronic databases was searched up to December 4, 2022, for task-based functional MRI studies investigating differences between individuals with ADHD or ASD and typically developing control subjects. Spatial coordinates of brain loci differing significantly between case and control subjects were extracted. To avoid potential diagnosis-driven selection bias of cognitive tasks, the tasks were grouped according to the Research Domain Criteria framework, and stratified sampling was used to match cognitive component profiles. Activation likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis. Results: After screening 20,756 potentially relevant references, a meta-
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 7
Objective: To investigate shared and specific neural correlates of cognitive functions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the authors performed a comprehensive meta-analysis and considered a balanced set of neuropsychological tasks across the two disorders. Methods: A broad set of electronic databases was searched up to December 4, 2022, for task-based functional MRI studies investigating differences between individuals with ADHD or ASD and typically developing control subjects. Spatial coordinates of brain loci differing significantly between case and control subjects were extracted. To avoid potential diagnosis-driven selection bias of cognitive tasks, the tasks were grouped according to the Research Domain Criteria framework, and stratified sampling was used to match cognitive component profiles. Activation likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis. Results: After screening 20,756 potentially relevant references, a meta-
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 1
Objective: Preclinical work suggests that excess glucocorticoids and reduced cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may affect sex-dependent differences in brain regions implicated in stress regulation and depressive phenotypes. The authors sought to address a critical gap in knowledge, namely, how stress circuitry is functionally affected by glucocorticoids and GABA in current or remitted major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Multimodal imaging data were collected from 130 young adults (ages 18–25), of whom 44 had current MDD, 42 had remitted MDD, and 44 were healthy comparison subjects. GABA+ (γ-aminobutyric acid and macromolecules) was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and task-related functional MRI data were collected under acute stress and analyzed using data-driven network modeling. Results: Across modalities, trait-related abnormalities emerged. Relative to healthy comparison subjects, both clinical groups were characterized by lower rostral anterior cingulate co
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
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Mashup Score: 6
Objective: In this review, the authors update the 2018 position statement of the American Psychiatric Association Council of Research Workgroup on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments on pharmacogenomic (PGx) tools for treatment selection in depression. Methods: The literature was reviewed for new clinical trials and meta-analyses, published from 2017 to 2022, of studies using PGx tools for treatment selection in depression. The blinding and control conditions, as well as primary and secondary outcomes and post hoc analyses, were summarized. Results: Eleven new clinical trials and five meta-analyses were identified; all studies had primary outcome measures related to speed or efficacy of treatment response. Three trials (27%) demonstrated efficacy on the primary outcome measure with statistical significance; the three studies used different PGx tools; one study was open-label and the other two were small single-blind trials. Five trials (45%) did not detect efficacy with statistical signifi
Source: ajp.psychiatryonline.orgCategories: General Medicine News, PsychiatryTweet
A study in a large cohort of adolescents found that the use of resource-intensive measures such as neurocognitive tests did not improve the ability to predict substance use initiation over a comprehensive assessment of sociodemographic factors. https://t.co/ngiAORkWQP https://t.co/BJfdS8jtwc