The story of child and adolescent health over the past 25 years is one of clear but sometimes stalled progress, followed by the catastrophically negative impact of COVID-19, from which many children’s lives have not recovered. It started with a focus on reducing mortality in children younger than 5 years, which almost halved, from 9·9 million deaths in 2000, to 5·3 million in 2019. It then expanded to include ensuring that children and adolescents fulfil their cognitive developmental potential through tackling poverty, providing nurturing care (ie, health, nutrition, responsive caregiving, safety and security, and early learning), and focusing on a life-course approach.

iCEPS transplantation for LSCD was found to be safe throughout the study period. A larger clinical trial is planned to further investigate the efficacy of the procedure.

Since the discovery of statins and the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) results three decades ago, remarkable advances have been made in the treatment of dyslipidaemia, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Safe and effective statins remain the cornerstone of therapeutic approach for this indication, including for children with genetic dyslipidaemia, and are one of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. However, despite the affordability of generic statins, they remain underutilised worldwide.