Probiotics are widely regarded as live microorganisms that, when administered in sufficient amounts, confer a health benefit, but guidance is needed on the most appropriate use of the term. This Consensus Statement outlines recommendations for the scope and definition of the term ‘probiotic’ as determined by an expert panel convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and…

Experimental and clinical evidence supports a role of metabolic perturbation in the development of gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This Review discusses the role of diet and metabolic inflammation in IBD, outlining key concepts and highlighting the links between metabolism and inflammation in IBD.

In this Review, Jess and colleagues describe the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional association between these diseases and the effect of treatment on their co-occurrence.

In this Review, Jess and colleagues describe the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional association between these diseases and the effect of treatment on their co-occurrence.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, Bajaj discusses clinical studies on the gut microbiota in individuals with ALD and explores the specific alterations in the gut–liver–brain axis that might alter patient outcomes.

This Review discusses the role of dietary fats and carbohydrates in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies on the dietary habits of patients with NAFLD, and the effect on liver fat accumulation of altering dietary macronutrients, are also reviewed.

The definition of gastrointestinal involvement in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, its frequency and its pathophysiology are still not completely understood. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence supporting immunological signatures and the unique nature of the gastrointestinal tract in this syndrome.

In this Review, O’Toole and colleagues discuss the composition and function of the gut microbiome as it relates to ageing and ‘unhealthy’ ageing as well as the potential for microbiome-directed interventions to encourage ‘healthy’ ageing.

The definition of gastrointestinal involvement in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, its frequency and its pathophysiology are still not completely understood. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence supporting immunological signatures and the unique nature of the gastrointestinal tract in this syndrome.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises heterogeneous biliary malignant tumours, and their incidence is increasing worldwide. This expert Consensus Statement, endorsed by the ENS-CCA, summarizes the latest advances in CCA, including classification, genetics and treatment, and provides recommendations for CCA management and priorities across basic, translational and clinical research.