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Mashup Score: 0Eubacterium rectale detoxification mechanism increases resilience of the gut environment - 14 hour(s) ago
Lachnospiraceae members were highly detected in dysbiotic IL-10 KO mice that displayed similar physiological outcomes as control mice. Lachnospiraceae is a highly diverse family of microbes that have been shown to display both commensal and pathogenic characteristics in the colon environment. We investigated the impact of genetic variation in five Lachnospiraceae strains on lowering cellular inflammation and ROS levels. Cell free spent media (CFSM) from Eubacterium rectale resulted in lowered ROS, and nitric oxide levels in stressed colon cells. We demonstrated through an array of multi-omics and molecular techniques that glutathione (GSH) biosynthesized by E. rectale was able to alleviate host ROS damage. We further showed downregulation of cell stress and immune response genes by host RNA sequencing, which is evidence that E. rectale microbial products promote recovery and alleviate ROS stress. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
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Mashup Score: 0Characterising Staphylococcus aureus genomic epidemiology with Multilevel Genome Typing. - 14 hour(s) ago
Staphylococcus aureus is a major source of both hospital and community acquired infections, and is the leading source of skin and soft tissue infections worldwide. Advances in whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies have recently generated large volumes of S. aureus WGS data. The timely classification of S. aureus WGS data with genomic typing technologies has the potential to describe detailed genomic epidemiology at large and small scales. In this study, a multilevel genome typing (MGT) scheme comprised of 8 levels of multilocus sequence typing schemes of increasing resolution was developed for S. aureus and used to analyse 50,481 publicly available genomes. Application of MGT to S. aureus epidemiology was showcased in three case studies. Firstly, the population structure of the globally disseminated sequence type ST8 were described by MGT2, which was compared with Spa typing. Secondly, MGT was used to characterise MLST ST8 – PFGE USA300 isolates that colonised multiple body sites
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Mashup Score: 1
Urbanization is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, but its impact on soil microorganisms and biogeochemistry remains uncertain. To address this gap, we investigate urban soil microbiome composition using metagenomic sequences from the Global Urban Soil Environment Ecology Network (GLUSEEN). We seek to reveal (1) changes in taxonomic composition and functional potential and (2) ubiquitous (core) taxa and metabolisms across the urban soil microbiome. We hypothesize that soil taxonomic and functional diversity are correlated due to the unique selective pressures of the urban ecosystem, and that the potential for carbon, nutrient, and pollutant cycling is a key feature of the urban soil microbiome. We find that Baltimore soil microbiomes are distinct from all other cities, displaying the highest taxonomic and lowest functional diversity. Only 66.3% of taxonomic and functional composition is correlated across all cities, highlighting differing functional potential within similar s
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Mashup Score: 0Global atlas of predicted functional domains in Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm translocated effectors - 14 hour(s) ago
Legionella pneumophila utilizes the Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system to deliver hundreds of effector proteins inside eukaryotic cells to ensure intracellular replication. Our understanding of the molecular functions of the largest pathogenic arsenal known to the bacterial world remains incomplete. By leveraging advancements in 3D protein structure prediction, we provide a comprehensive structural analysis of 368 L. pneumophila effectors, representing a global atlas of predicted functional domains summarized in a database (https://pathogens3d.org/legionella-pneumophila). Our analysis identified 157 types of diverse functional domains in 287 effectors, including 159 effectors with no prior functional annotations. Furthermore, we identified 35 unique domains in 30 effector models that have no similarity with experimentally structurally characterized proteins, thus, hinting at novel functionalities. Using this analysis, we demonstrate the activity of thirteen domains, including three uniq
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Mashup Score: 0FAM19A5 Deficiency Mitigates the Aβ Plaque Burden and Improves Cognition in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease - 14 hour(s) ago
FAM19A5, a novel secretory protein highly expressed in the brain, is potentially associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, its role in the AD brain remains unclear. Here, we investigated the potential function of FAM19A5 in the context of AD. We generated APP/PS1 mice with partial FAM19A5 deficiency, termed APP/PS1/FAM19A5LacZ+/-. Compared to control APP/PS1 mice, APP/PS1/FAM19A5LacZ+/- mice exhibited significantly lower Aβ plaque density, suggesting that FAM19A5 reduction mitigates Aβ plaque formation. Notably, FAM19A5 partial depletion also prolonged the lifespan of APP/PS1 mice. To further explore the therapeutic potential of FAM19A5 targeting, we developed an anti-FAM19A5 antibody. Administration of this antibody to APP/PS1 mice significantly improved their performance in the novel object recognition test, demonstrating enhanced cognitive function. This effect was reproduced in 5XFAD mice, a model of early-onset AD with rapid Aβ accumulation. Additionall
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Mashup Score: 0A mismatch between striatal cholinergic pauses and dopaminergic reward prediction errors - 14 hour(s) ago
Movement, motivation and reward-related learning depend strongly on striatal dopamine and acetylcholine. These neuromodulators each regulate the other, and disturbances to their coordinated signals contribute to human disorders ranging from Parkinson’s Disease to depression and addiction. Pauses in the firing of cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are thought to coincide with pulses in dopamine release that encode reward prediction errors (RPEs), together shaping synaptic plasticity and thereby learning. However, such models are based upon recordings from unidentified neurons, and do not incorporate the distinct characteristics of striatal subregions. Here we compare the firing of identified, individual CINs to dopamine release as unrestrained rats performed a probabilistic decision-making task. The relationships between CIN spiking, dopamine release, and behavior varied strongly by subregion. In dorsal-lateral striatum a Go! cue evoked burst-pause CIN spiking, quickly followed by a very b
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Mashup Score: 0A Mutation in Tmem135 Causes Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss - 14 hour(s) ago
Transmembrane protein 135 (TMEM135) is a 52 kDa protein with five predicted transmembrane domains that is highly conserved across species. Previous studies have shown that TMEM135 is involved in mitochondrial dynamics, thermogenesis, and lipid metabolism in multiple tissues; however, its role in the inner ear or the auditory system is unknown. We investigated the function of TMEM135 in hearing using wild-type (WT) and Tmem135FUN025/FUN025 (FUN025) mutant mice on a CBA/CaJ background, a normal-hearing mouse strain. Although FUN025 mice displayed normal auditory brainstem response (ABR) at 1 month, we observed significantly elevated ABR thresholds at 8, 16, and 64 kHz by 3 months, which progressed to profound hearing loss by 12 months. Consistent with our auditory testing, 13-month-old FUN025 mice exhibited a severe loss of outer hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea. Our results using BaseScope in situ hybridization indicate that TMEM135 is expressed in the inner hair ce
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Mashup Score: 1Spatial modulation of facial expression: enhanced recognition of faces behind the observer - 14 hour(s) ago
Our ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for understanding others’ emotions and facilitating smooth communication. Numerous studies have explored how we perceive these cues, considering factors such as health, social signals and personality traits. However, most of this research involves observers facing a monitor and assessing facial stimuli presented directly in front of them. Real-life scenarios offer more diverse spatial dynamics, such as conversing with someone at a table or glancing back at a passerby. Thus, faces behind the observer might trigger heightened recognition, akin to reacting swiftly to a perceived threat. Herein, we demonstrate that facial expression recognition is influenced by spatial relationships, i.e., faces in front of versus behind the observer. Participants judged the expressions of faces appearing in front of or behind them in virtual space. The findings of three experiments reveal an enhanced level of recognition for faces behind the participa
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Mashup Score: 0A meta reinforcement learning account of behavioral adaptation to volatility in recurrent neural networks - 14 hour(s) ago
Natural environments often exhibit various degrees of volatility, ranging from slowly changing to rapidly changing contingencies. How learners adapt to changing environments is a central issue in both reinforcement learning theory and psychology. For example, learners may adapt to changes in volatility by increasing learning if volatility increases, and reducing it if volatility decreases. Computational neuroscience and neural network modeling work suggests that this adaptive capacity may result from a meta-reinforcement learning process (implemented for example in the prefrontal cortex), where past experience endows the system with the capacity to rapidly adapt to environmental conditions in new situations. Here we provide direct evidence for a meta-reinforcement learning account of adaptation to environmental volatility. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) were trained on a restless four-armed bandit reinforcement learning problem under three different training regimes (low volatility t
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Mashup Score: 0Hypergraph Cortical Cytoarchitectonic Parcellation with Multimodal Canine Brain Atlas - 14 hour(s) ago
Brain atlases are vital tools in exploring the brain structure-function relationship. The burgeoning cross-species atlases have significantly accelerated our understanding of human brain development, evolution, function, and diseases. However, the existing coarse-grained macroscopic canine brain atlases greatly constrain their utility as an animal model for neurocognition research. Finer-grained brain atlas and partitions are crucial for decoding brain spatial heterogeneity and topology at different scales. Therefore, we conduct macroscopic and microscopic brain imaging to construct an interactive online dataset of multimodal canine brain atlas. Additionally, we develop a pioneering method for cortical cytoarchitectonic partitioning based on hypergraph learning. By integrating high-dimensional cytoarchitectonic features and spatial connections between cortical columns, the method leads to fine-grained partitioning patterns. This innovative approach aims to decode the biological heterog
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Eubacterium rectale detoxification mechanism increases resilience of the gut environment https://t.co/XhJZalTCRQ #bioRxiv