MACE in COPD: addressing cardiopulmonary risk
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease are both major global public health burdens, with a burden of 74·4 million and 393 million disability-adjusted life-years, respectively, in 2019.1,2 Given shared exposures and risk factors (eg, smoking, socioeconomic deprivation, diabetes, hypertension, low levels of exercise, and dyslipidaemia), it is not surprising that many people living with COPD have cardiovascular disease. Patients with COPD are two to five times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease compared with the general population.