The PREPARE Trial was a cluster-randomized, crossover trial part of the PREP-IT program, which compared alcohol-based anti-septic solutions of iodine povacrylex vs. chlorhexidine gluconate in operative fracture patients. THE PREPARE Trial included a total of 8485 patients who underwent fracture fixation: 1700 patients with open limb fractures and 6785 with closed lower-limb or pelvic fractures. Randomization occurred at the hospital level. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of surgical-site infection, which included superficial incisional infections within 30 days and deep incisional or organ-space infections within 60 days post-surgery. Secondary outcomes included unplanned fracture-related reoperations and serious adverse events. The iodone povacrylex group had a lower incidence of surgical site infections in closed-fracture patients, but the rates were similar in open-fracture patients between the two groups. In the closed-fracture group, 5.5% in the iodine group and

1683 patients from 14 hospitals in Canada, Spain and the United States were included in this cluster-based randomized crossover trial comparing aqueous 10% povidone-iodine vs. 4% chlorhexidine gluconate for skin antisepsis in patients undergoing open fracture surgery. The primary outcome of interest was the risk of surgical site infection. The secondary outcome of interest was the rate of unplanned re-operation within 365 days. Results revealed no significant differences in all outcomes between the two aqueous-based solutions.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine up-to-date evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma, relative to placebo, in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Thirty patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and undergoing a primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were randomized to receive a conventional jig-based TKA (n=15) or robotic-arm assisted TKA (n=15). Outcomes of interest included changes in systemic inflammatory markers (i.e. interleukin-1β [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumour necrotic factor α [TNF-α], white cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], cortisol levels, hemoglobin [Hb] levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], creatine kinase[CK], and C-reactive protein [CRP]), planned positioning of components, periarticular soft tissue injury and bone trauma using the the Macroscopic Soft Tissue Injury (MASTI) classification system, mean length of incision, mean surgical time, mean change in Hb levels, and mean knee temperature. All inflammatory markers were evaluated at 1 day, 2 days, 7 days, and 28 days post-surgery. Mean knee temperature was also measured at 6-days