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    The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) generally updates their guidelines every 4 years. However, since the presentation of the latest guidelines in 2021, a remarkable number of studies that could potentially change the guidelines have been published. Therefore, the task force decided to provide a focused update of the 2021 guidelines, which includes a few important novel recommendations that are outlined below (Figure).

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    Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy dilated cardiomyopathy is the second most common classification of heart failure. Non-ischemic (DCM) can be attributed to genetic causes in up to 40-50% of cases of familial DCM and in 10-25% of cases of non-familial DCM (Burkett, 2005; Asselbergs, 2021; Huggins, 2022; Hershberger, 2018; Lakdawala, 2012). Given the relatively high prevalence of DCM, genetic testing has become an increasingly important tool for both: a) diagnostic genetic testing to identify genetic subtypes in patients with an existing clinical suspicion for a genetic DCM and b) risk-predictive genetic testing to screen asymptomatic relatives of probands with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants to identify those at-risk of developing the disease (Landstrom, 2021; Musunuru, 2020).

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    Despite increased awareness and major advancements in prevention and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) persists as the leading cause of death worldwide, for men and women.1 Important sex-based differences exist, and heart failure (HF) represents one of the most serious and prevalent manifestations of disease wherein these differences are apparent and relevant. Inherent biological distinctions in the structure and function of the cardiovascular system between men and women underlie sex-based differences in risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and response to treatment.

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    GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are usually described as having beneficial effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and neutral effects on heart failure (HF) events. However, recent data suggest that the effect of GLP-1 RA may differ according to baseline HF status, with decreased risk of HF events in those without established HF and increased risk of HF events among those with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).1–4 Treatment with GLP1-RA liraglutide did not improve clinical stability in the FIGHT (Functional Impact of GLP-1 for Heart Failure Treatment) trial and did not improve left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) in the LIVE (Effect of Liraglutide on Left Ventricular Function in Stable Chronic Heart Failure Patients with and without Diabetes) trial.

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    Editor’s Page: We’ve been thinking…Constructive Criticism in Medicine: Heart Function Clinicians Leading Positive ChangeRobert J. Mentz,Anuradha LalaPublished in issue: March 2023p233-235Full-Text HTMLPDF Original Research PapersSudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure: A 20-Year Perspective From a Mediterranean CohortPAU Codina,ELISABET ZAMORA,WAYNE C LEVY,…ALBERTO AIMO,JOSEP…

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