Objective: Fragile X premutation carriers are reported to have increased neuropsychiatric problems, and thus the term fragile X–associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND) has been proposed. Unfortunately, published prevalence estimates of these phenomena are inconsistent. This systematic review clarified this issue by reviewing both fragile X premutation prevalence in patients with…

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Objective: Emotional reactivity normally involves a synchronized coordination of subjective experience and facial expression. These aspects of emotional reactivity can be uncoupled by neurological illness and produce adverse consequences for patient and caregiver quality of life because of misunderstandings regarding the patient’s presumed internal state. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is often…

Objective: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is frequently encountered in clinical practice but commonly misdiagnosed, which might lead to higher direct costs for the health care system. The investigators analyzed the direct costs associated with the diagnosis of FND compared with costs associated with other neurological conditions and explored possible cost trends related to the clinical…

Objective: To investigate the factors predictive of novel psychiatric disorders in the interval 0–6 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Children ages 5–14 years consecutively hospitalized for mild to severe TBI at five hospitals were recruited. Participants were evaluated at baseline (soon after injury) for pre-injury characteristics including psychiatric disorders,…

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of neurocognitive disorders have been classified into higher-order constructs, often called neuropsychiatric syndromes. As with the general psychopathology literature, these classifications have been achieved through two approaches: empirical and authoritative. The authoritative approach relies on expert panels that condense the available evidence into operational…

Anatomical descriptions of the cranial nerves (CNs) in humans have been historically documented in numerous scientific reports, starting from the classical Greek manuscripts to today’s contemporary medicine (15). Our understanding of the anatomy of human CNs, including their functional components, progressed from 1500 to 1900 C.E. through cadaveric dissections. These dissections were followed by…