Sign-reversed versus Orthodox Granger Causality Analysis of the Electroencephalogram in General Anesthesia: Research Letter

We wish to report on a serendipitous technical observation regarding the calculation of the Granger causality between electroencephalogram (EEG) channels in subjects given propofol, as reported by Pullon et al.1 From subsequent application of this analysis to a separate patient dataset in 2022, it became apparent that there is no accepted convention for the sign of the autoregressive coefficients…

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