Opioid-free Anesthesia Protocol on the Early Quality of Recovery after Major Surgery (SOFA Trial): A Randomized Clinical Trial
In this single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial, patients received a combination of at least two drugs including ketamine, lidocaine, clonidine, and magnesium sulfate without opioids for anesthesia or a standard approach that included opioids. Opioid-free anesthesia, compared to the standard approach, resulted in a small improvement in a validated measure of quality of recovery at 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery, but these differences did not completely reach the threshold for clinical significance.