Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objective The purpose of this review was to assess the joint relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and Body Mass Index (BMI) on both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality risk. Design A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Pooled HR and 95% CI were calculated using a three-level restricted maximum likelihood estimation random-effects model with robust variance estimation. The reference group was normal weight-fit and was compared with normal weight-unfit, overweight-unfit and fit, and obese-unfit and fit. Data sources Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SportDiscus) were searched following registration on PROSPERO. Eligibility criteria Articles meeting the following criteria were included: (1) published between January 1980 and February 2023, (2) prospective cohort study, (3) CRF assessed using a maximal or VO2peak exercise test, (4) BMI reported and directly measured, (5) joint impact of CRF and BMI on all-cause mortality or
