Safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for heart failure
Drawing inferences from observational data with possible confounding Heart failure is increasing in prevalence and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,1 with prevalence ranging from 1% to 3% of the general adult population in high income countries.1 Limited data from low and middle income countries suggest high heart failure disease burden.23 Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤40%, accounts for around 30-60% of heart failure in epidemiological studies.1 Increasing evidence of the effectiveness of certain drugs to reduce mortality and morbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction has led to strong recommendations for their use in clinical practice guidelines.45 The foundational therapeutic agents for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction have been shown to improve survival, reduce the risk of readmission to hospital, and improve symptoms by targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and
