Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare functional vision loss (FVL) among adults and children, including its presentation and the biopsychosocial factors that may contribute to FVL development. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases were searched in April 2023 for studies reporting data on visual acuity loss (VAL), visual field defects (VFDs), psychiatric disorders, or biopsychosocial stressors of patients with FVL. Studies were excluded if they did not report information on the specific outcomes for all patients or reported on only a subset of FVL patients. Results: Overall, 27 studies were included, comprising 1,476 patients. Twenty-six articles reported on visual symptoms, 14 on psychiatric disorders, and 11 on biopsychosocial stressors. The prevalence of VAL was similar among adults (80%) compared with children (83%), but VFDs were significantly more common among adults (86% in adults vs. 50% in children). The prevalence of a history of psychiatric disorders w

Objective: Homelessness is a serious and increasing public health concern. Childhood maltreatment and psychiatric problems have been associated with homelessness as risk factors; however, reliance on cross-sectional studies introduces ambiguity into interpreting previous findings. This study seeks to understand whether psychiatric symptoms in part explain the relationship between childhood maltreatment and homelessness. Methods: The authors used data from a prospective cohort design study in which individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment (ages 0–11 years) and a demographically matched group of children without those histories (N=1,196) were followed up into middle adulthood and interviewed. Psychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], antisocial personality disorder [ASPD], and alcohol and drug use) were assessed at mean age 29. Homelessness was assessed at mean ages 29, 39, 41, and 47 years. Structural equation modeling was u

Objective: Discrimination exposure has a detrimental impact on mental health, increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. The impact discrimination exposure has on mental health is likely mediated by neural processes associated with emotion expression and regulation. However, the specific neural processes that mediate the relationship between discrimination exposure and mental health remain to be determined. The present study investigated the relationship adolescent discrimination exposure has with stress-elicited brain activity and mental health symptoms in young adulthood. Methods: A total of 301 participants completed the Montreal Imaging Stress Task while functional MRI data were collected. Discrimination exposure was measured four times from ages 11 to 19, and stress-elicited brain activity and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress) were assessed in young adulthood (age 20). Results: Stress-elicited dorsolateral and dorsomedial