High Output Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure in Patients with Arteriovenous Fistulas: A call to action
Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). To this point, much of the literature has focused on the incidence and prognosis of atherosclerotic coronary disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. More recently, the role of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) as a cause of high output heart failure (HOHF),…
