Author links open overlay panel Aaron Baugh MD, Neeta Thakur MD, MPH • Race is a social identity that has long been associated with health inequities in the United States. • Cultural, structural, and interpersonal racism are distinct pathways to worse respiratory health outcomes. • Racial and ethnic minorities may experience multiple forms of discrimination simultaneously, or suffer from biases against more than one marginalized identity, complicating the task of designing effective interventions to