• Mashup Score: 12

    When animals move through space, neurons in their entorhinal cortex activate periodically at multiple locations to form a map of the spatial environment. These grid cells may also map non-physical, conceptual spaces to support various other complex behaviors. Here, using intracranial recordings in neurosurgical patients performing an emotional memory task, we find that neurons in the human medial temporal lobe activate in a grid-like pattern across a two-dimensional feature space characterized by emotional valence and arousal. These neurons were different from cells tuned solely to valence or arousal, were preferentially located in the entorhinal cortex, and exhibited theta-phase locking. Our observation of grid-like neuronal activity during emotional processing in humans supports the idea that the neural structure of cognitive maps generalizes beyond spatial navigation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

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  • Mashup Score: 1

    A fundamental tenet of animal behavior is that decision-making involves multiple ‘controllers.’ Initially, behavior is goal-directed, driven by desired outcomes, shifting later to habitual control, where cues trigger actions independent of motivational state. Clark Hull’s question from 1943 still resonates today: “Is this transition abrupt, or is it gradual and progressive?” Despite a…

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  • Mashup Score: 2

    Animal behavior is principally expressed through neural control of muscles. Therefore understanding how the brain controls behavior requires mapping neuronal circuits all the way to motor neurons. We have previously established technology to collect large-volume electron microscopy data sets of neural tissue and fully reconstruct the morphology of the neurons and their chemical synaptic…

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  • Mashup Score: 3

    Deciphering the striatal interneuron diversity is key to understanding the basal ganglia circuit and to untangle the complex neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting this brain structure. We performed single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of postmortem human caudate nucleus (CN) and putamen (Pu) samples to elucidate the diversity and abundance of interneuron populations and their…

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    • Interneuron diversity in the human dorsal striatum https://t.co/CDL9xOYQHz #bioRxiv

  • Mashup Score: 2

    To understand how the neocortex underlies our ability to perceive, think, and act, it is important to study the relationship between circuit connectivity and function. Previous research has shown that excitatory neurons in layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex of mice with similar response properties are more likely to form connections. However, technical challenges of combining synaptic…

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  • Mashup Score: 1

    Intellectual deficiency (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) originate from disrupted development of human-specific cognitive functions. Human brain ontogeny is characterized by a considerably prolonged, neotenic, cortical neuron development. Neuronal neoteny could be disrupted in ID/ASD, but this was never tested because of the difficulties to study developing human cortical circuits. Here we…

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  • Mashup Score: 3

    Neurodegeneration and its concomitant loss of cognitive function is associated with inflammation and an accumulation of lipids, in particular cholesterol. In the brain, cholesterol is made in astrocytes and transported to surrounding cells by apolipoprotein E (apoE). Elevated cholesterol promotes inflammation in peripheral tissues, but whether astrocyte cholesterol can drive inflammation in the…

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  • Mashup Score: 1

    Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the earliest changes in AD is endosomal enlargement in neurons, which was reported as enhanced in ApoE4 carriers. ApoE is thought to be internalized into endosomes of neurons, while β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within neuronal endosomes early in AD. However, it remains unknown whether ApoE and Aβ…

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  • Mashup Score: 1

    The visual signal processing in the retina requires the precise organization of diverse neuronal types working in concert. We performed spatial transcriptomic profiling of over 100,000 cells from the mouse retia, uncovering the spatial distribution of all major retina cell types with over 100 cell subtypes. Our data revealed that the retina is organized in a laminar structure at the major cell…

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  • Mashup Score: 4

    During navigation, the hippocampus represents physical places like coordinates on a map; similar location-like signals have been seen in sensory and concept spaces. It is unclear just how general this hippocampal place code is, however: does it map places in wholly non-perceivable spaces, without locations being instructed or reinforced and during navigation-like behavior? To search for such a…

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