Navigating the Challenges of BCG-Unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Insights and Future Directions
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) continues to pose a significant clinical challenge, particularly in cases of recurrence following bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy. Despite ongoing research efforts, radical cystectomy (RC) remains the only established treatment with proven long-term efficacy for these patients [1]. However, while RC is highly effective, it is a major surgical intervention associated with substantial morbidity and a profound impact on patients’ quality of life [2,3].
